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Starting with version 3.3.0 (2006-01-11), SQLite includes a special "shared-cache" mode (disabled by default) intended for use in embedded servers. If shared-cache mode is enabled and a thread establishes multiple connections to the same database, the connections share a single data and schema cache. This can significantly reduce the quantity of memory and IO required by the system.
In version 3.5.0 (2007-09-04), shared-cache mode was modified so that the same cache can be shared across an entire process rather than just within a single thread. Prior to this change, there were restrictions on passing database connections between threads. Those restrictions were dropped in 3.5.0 update. This document describes shared-cache mode as of version 3.5.0.
Shared-cache mode changes the semantics of the locking model in some cases. The details are described by this document. A basic understanding of the normal SQLite locking model (see File Locking And Concurrency In SQLite Version 3 for details) is assumed.
Shared-cache mode is an obsolete feature. The use of shared-cache mode is discouraged. Most use cases for shared-cache are better served by WAL mode.
Shared-cache mode was invented in 2006 at the request of developers of Symbian. Their problem was that if the contacts database on the phone was being synced, that would lock the database file. Then if a call came in, the database lock would prevent them from querying the contacts database in order to find the appropriate ring-tone for the incoming call, or a photo of the caller to show on screen, and so forth. WAL mode (circa 2010) is a better solution to this problem as it permits simultaneous access without breaking transaction isolation.
Applications that build their own copy of SQLite from source code are encouraged to use the -DSQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE compile-time option, as the resulting binary will be both smaller and faster.
The shared-cache interfaces described here will continue to be supported in SQLite, to insure full backwards compatibility. However, the use of shared-cache is discouraged.
Externally, from the point of view of another process or thread, two or more database connections using a shared-cache appear as a single connection. The locking protocol used to arbitrate between multiple shared-caches or regular database users is described elsewhere.
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Figure 1
Figure 1 depicts an example runtime configuration where three database connections have been established. Connection 1 is a normal SQLite database connection. Connections 2 and 3 share a cache The normal locking protocol is used to serialize database access between connection 1 and the shared cache. The internal protocol used to serialize (or not, see "Read-Uncommitted Isolation Mode" below) access to the shared-cache by connections 2 and 3 is described in the remainder of this section.
There are three levels to the shared-cache locking model, transaction level locking, table level locking and schema level locking. They are described in the following three sub-sections.
SQLite connections can open two kinds of transactions, read and write transactions. This is not done explicitly, a transaction is implicitly a read-transaction until it first writes to a database table, at which point it becomes a write-transaction.
At most one connection to a single shared cache may open a write transaction at any one time. This may co-exist with any number of read transactions.
When two or more connections use a shared-cache, locks are used to serialize concurrent access attempts on a per-table basis. Tables support two types of locks, "read-locks" and "write-locks". Locks are granted to connections - at any one time, each database connection has either a read-lock, write-lock or no lock on each database table.
At any one time, a single table may have any number of active read-locks or a single active write lock. To read data from a table, a connection must first obtain a read-lock. To write to a table, a connection must obtain a write-lock on that table. If a required table lock cannot be obtained, the query fails and SQLITE_LOCKED is returned to the caller.
Once a connection obtains a table lock, it is not released until the current transaction (read or write) is concluded.
The behaviour described above may be modified slightly by using the read_uncommitted pragma to change the isolation level from serialized (the default), to read-uncommitted.
A database connection in read-uncommitted mode does not attempt to obtain read-locks before reading from database tables as described above. This can lead to inconsistent query results if another database connection modifies a table while it is being read, but it also means that a read-transaction opened by a connection in read-uncommitted mode can neither block nor be blocked by any other connection.
Read-uncommitted mode has no effect on the locks required to write to database tables (i.e. read-uncommitted connections must still obtain write-locks and hence database writes may still block or be blocked). Also, read-uncommitted mode has no effect on the sqlite_schema locks required by the rules enumerated below (see section "Schema (sqlite_schema) Level Locking").
/* Set the value of the read-uncommitted flag: ** ** True -> Set the connection to read-uncommitted mode. ** False -> Set the connection to serialized (the default) mode. */ PRAGMA read_uncommitted = <boolean>; /* Retrieve the current value of the read-uncommitted flag */ PRAGMA read_uncommitted;
The sqlite_schema table supports shared-cache read and write locks in the same way as all other database tables (see description above). The following special rules also apply:
In SQLite versions 3.3.0 through 3.4.2 when shared-cache mode is enabled, a database connection may only be used by the thread that called sqlite3_open() to create it. And a connection could only share cache with another connection in the same thread. These restrictions were dropped beginning with SQLite version 3.5.0 (2007-09-04).
In older versions of SQLite, shared cache mode could not be used together with virtual tables. This restriction was removed in SQLite version 3.6.17 (2009-08-10).
Shared-cache mode is enabled on a per-process basis. Using the C interface, the following API can be used to globally enable or disable shared-cache mode:
int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
Each call to sqlite3_enable_shared_cache() affects subsequent database connections created using sqlite3_open(), sqlite3_open16(), or sqlite3_open_v2(). Database connections that already exist are unaffected. Each call to sqlite3_enable_shared_cache() overrides all previous calls within the same process.
Individual database connections created using sqlite3_open_v2() can choose to participate or not participate in shared cache mode by using the SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE flags the third parameter. The use of either of these flags overrides the global shared cache mode setting established by sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(). No more than one of the flags should be used; if both SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE and SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE flags are used in the third argument to sqlite3_open_v2() then the behavior is undefined.
When URI filenames are used, the "cache" query parameter can be used to specify whether or not the database will use shared cache. Use "cache=shared" to enable shared cache and "cache=private" to disable shared cache. The ability to use URI query parameters to specify the cache sharing behavior of a database connection allows cache sharing to be controlled in ATTACH statements. For example:
ATTACH 'file:aux.db?cache=shared' AS aux;
Beginning with SQLite version 3.7.13 (2012-06-11), shared cache can be used on in-memory databases, provided that the database is created using a URI filename. For backwards compatibility, shared cache is always disabled for in-memory databases if the unadorned name ":memory:" is used to open the database. Prior to version 3.7.13, shared cache was always disabled for in-memory databases regardless of the database name used, current system shared cache setting, or query parameters or flags.
Enabling shared-cache for an in-memory database allows two or more database connections in the same process to have access to the same in-memory database. An in-memory database in shared cache is automatically deleted and memory is reclaimed when the last connection to that database closes.